![]() ![]() His policies were soon abandoned by the new governors, but the anger and discontent of the dominant Arab minority was left unaddressed. Exhausted by years of work, he resigned his post in 1880 and left early the next year. Upon Ismail's abdication in 1877, Gordon found himself with dramatically decreased support. For the next three years, General Gordon fought against a native chieftain of Darfur, Al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur. This commission eventually forced Khedive Ismail to abdicate in favor of his son Tawfiq in 1879, leading to a period of political turmoil.Īlso in 1873, Ismail had appointed General Charles "Chinese" Gordon Governor of the Equatorial Provinces of Sudan. With Khedive Ismail's spending and corruption causing instability, in 1873 the British government supported a program whereby an Anglo-French debt commission assumed responsibility for managing Egypt's fiscal affairs. Thus an ever-increasing British role in Egyptian affairs seemed necessary. As the most direct route to India, the jewel in the British Crown, the Suez Canal was of paramount strategic importance, and British commercial and imperial interests dictated the need to seize or otherwise control it. Khedive Ismail's spending had put Egypt into a large amount of debt, and when his financing of the Suez Canal started to crumble, the United Kingdom stepped in and repaid his loans in return for controlling shares in the canal. The jallaba were also known to be slave trading tribes.īy the middle 19th century the Ottoman Imperial subject administration in Egypt was in the hands of Khedive Ismail. These migrants, known as "jallaba" after their loose-fitting style of dress, began to function as small traders and middlemen for the foreign trading companies that had established themselves in the cities and towns of central Sudan. Fearing the brutal and unjust methods of the Sha'iqiyya, many farmers fled their villages in the fertile Nile Valley to the remote areas of Kordofan and Darfur. In bad years, and especially during times of drought and famine, farmers were unable to pay the high taxes. Under this system, a flat tax was imposed on farmers and small traders and collected by government-appointed tax collectors from the Sha'iqiyya tribe of northern Sudan. ![]() Throughout the period of Egyptian rule, many segments of the Sudanese population suffered extreme hardship because of the system of taxation imposed by the central government. ![]() The Sudanese launched several unsuccessful invasions of their neighbours, expanding the scale of the conflict to include not only Britain and Egypt but also the Italian Empire, the Congo Free State and the Ethiopian Empire.įollowing Muhammad Ali's invasion in 1819, Sudan was governed by an Egyptian administration. Eighteen years of war resulted in the creation of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (1899–1956), a de jure condominium of the British Empire and the Kingdom of Egypt in which Britain had de facto control over Sudan. The Mahdist War ( Arabic: الثورة المهدية, romanized: ath-Thawra al-Mahdiyya 1881–1899) was a war between the Mahdist Sudanese, led by Muhammad Ahmad bin Abdullah, who had proclaimed himself the " Mahdi" of Islam (the "Guided One"), and the forces of the Khedivate of Egypt, initially, and later the forces of Britain. ![]()
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